A Falcon 9 rocket upper stage from January 2025 is on a confirmed collision course with the Moon, set to strike near Einstein crater at 2.43 km/s on August 5, 2026. The impact is unplanned, unavoidable, and entirely the result of a piece of hardware left in cislunar space with no disposal plan after it completed its job. The stage, catalogued as 2025-010D , carried Firefly's Blue Ghost and ispace's Hakuto-R M2 landers toward the Moon. Both landers touched down. The spent upper stage stayed in an unstable Earth orbit that slowly migrated into the Moon's gravitational influence. Now it's coming in. AI-generated image The Falcon 9 second stage: roughly 13.8 meters long, 3.7 meters wide, with a Merlin Vacuum engine. In space, there is nothing to slow it down. Credit: AI illustration What Exactly Is Heading for the Moon The object has no name, only a designation: 2025-010D . The "2025-010" tells you it came from the tenth orbital launch of 2025, on January 15. The "D" means it was the fourth piece of hardware tracked from that launch, after the two landers (A and B) and a payload canister (C). The stage itself is the Falcon 9 second stage, the vehicle that fires after booster separation to push everything from low Earth orbit onto a trans-lunar trajectory. Functionally, it worked perfectly. It put Blue Ghost and Hakuto-R on course for the Moon. Then it separated, and the tracking problem began. SpaceX designed the stage to deorbit back into the atmosphere after payload deployment, but in this case the fuel margins were not sufficient. The stage ended up in a highly elliptical orbit with a roughly 26-day period, a perigee around 220,000 km and an apogee near 510,000 km. That orbit put it squarely in cislunar space, the region between Earth and Moon where gravity tugs from both bodies compete. After more than a year of slow orbital evolution, the math finally resolves to a lunar intercept. 13.8 m Stage length (~45 ft) 2.43 km/s Impact speed (~5,400 mph) Aug 5 Impact date, 06:44 UTC ~16-18 m Estimated crater width 15 N, 272 E Predicted impact coordinates ~26 days Orbital period before impact Amateur Astronomers Found It First The prediction comes from Bill Gray of Project Pluto , an independent astronomer who runs find_orb, a widely used orbit-determination software suite. Gray has done this before. In 2022 he correctly identified a different piece of lunar debris and called its Moon impact weeks in advance. NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter later found a fresh double crater at the predicted site. For 2025-010D, Gray incorporated more than 1,053 observations gathered between January 2025 and late February 2026, pulling data from asteroid surveys, amateur astronomers around the world, and declassified U.S. military tracking sources. The object made multiple close approaches to both Earth and the Moon without impacting, each time refining the orbital model. The August 5 impact is now considered confirmed. Uncertainties come mainly from solar radiation pressure acting on the tumbling object's surface, but predictions should close to within meters and seconds as the date approaches. AI-generated image Cislunar tracking relies on a patchwork of ground telescopes, asteroid surveys, and amateur observers. No dedicated cislunar surveillance network yet exists. Credit: AI illustration The tracking effort itself reveals a structural gap in space domain awareness. Objects in cislunar space are roughly 400 times farther from Earth than objects in geostationary orbit. Standard military surveillance radars max out well below the lunar distance. The only continuous coverage comes from asteroid survey telescopes built for near-Earth objects, a handful of dedicated deep-space telescopes operated by military contractors, and volunteers like Gray who piece together observations from scattered global sources. The Tracking Gap Between observations, an object in cislunar space can go dark for days or weeks with no one watching it. Solar radiation pressure, gravitational perturbations, and the object's tumble rate all create prediction uncertainty that compounds over time. For a piece of space junk, this situation is an inconvenience. For an operational spacecraft, the same uncertainty could mean a collision no one saw coming. Einstein Crater and What the Impact Will Look Like The predicted strike zone is near the rim of Einstein crater , a heavily battered impact basin roughly 198 kilometers wide on the Moon's near side, close to the western limb. The coordinates place it at about 15 degrees North, 272 degrees East, a region that will be sunlit during a waning gibbous phase (roughly 58% illuminated) at the time of impact. That is actually good news for science, but bad for amateur observers hoping to catch a flash from Earth. The sunlit location makes the impact flash invisible against the bright lunar surface from Earth-based telescopes. Observers who watched a 2022 Chinese rocket stage impact had better luck, because that strike hit a shadowed portion of the Moon where the brief light flash was visible to backyard astronomers. August 5 will not offer the same visual opportunity. AI-generated image The Einstein crater region near the lunar limb. The predicted impact zone is heavily cratered terrain on the near side, just barely visible from Earth. Credit: AI illustration What the impact will leave behind is less ambiguous. A Falcon 9 second stage hitting at 2.43 km/s will excavate a crater somewhere between 16 and 18 meters across, depending on impact angle and local regolith density. The Moon has no atmosphere to slow or burn up incoming objects, so the full kinetic energy of a roughly 4-ton metal cylinder converts directly into crater-forming work. Ejecta will scatter across hundreds of meters. NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) , still operational in lunar orbit, should be able to photograph the fresh crater sometime after August 5. The 2022 impact crater confirmed that prediction method works: LRO found the crater right where the math said it would be, and the double-crater shape even revealed something unexpected about the object's internal structure. The scientific community is already planning observation campaigns around the August date. Why This Isn't Just a Space Curiosity The easy framing is that this is an interesting science event: a human-made object hits the Moon, LRO photographs it, researchers study the ejecta, done. That framing undersells the operational problem it exposes. The same cislunar region where 2025-010D has been wandering for 16 months is increasingly crowded. NASA's Artemis program is building toward regular crew missions to the lunar surface. Commercial operators under the CLPS program are targeting multiple landings per year. ispace has two more missions planned. Intuitive Machines holds a multi-year relay satellite contract. Astrobotic's Griffin lander heads to the south pole in July 2026. Blue Origin's Blue Moon cargo lander is targeting a CLPS flight later this year. Every one of those missions transits cislunar space. A piece of uncontrolled debris on a chaotic multi-month orbit does not just pose a risk to the Moon's surface: it poses a risk to spacecraft on their way there or back. Current tracking infrastructure can tell you, weeks out, that 2025-010D is going to hit the Moon. It probably could not give an active spacecraft crew enough warning to maneuver away from a close-approach event that developed over a shorter timescale. Issue Current State Gap Tracking coverage Patchwork: asteroid surveys, amateur observers, limited deep-space radar No continuous dedicated cislunar surveillance network Disposal standards Voluntary guidelines, no binding cislunar debris rules No regulatory framework requiring safe disposal at lunar distances Collision warning Weeks-out predictions for known objects, best-effort No real-time close-approach alerts for crewed cislunar missions Protected sites Apollo landing sites nominally protected under U.